References
Ahmed, A.M., 1988. Somali traditional healers: role and status. In: Puglielli, Annarita (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Somali Studies. Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore, Rome.
Ahmed, S.I., n.d. Ma Anaa. Suugaan: Dugsiga Sare: Fasalka Labaad. Madbacada Qaranka, Mogadisho.
Alder, 1936. PRO, C.O.535/120/13, 18/5/1936.
Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J.R., Maoz B., 1996. The healing significance of Negev’s Bedouin Dervish. Social Science and Medicine 43 (1) 13±21.
Andrzejewski, B.W., Andrzejewski, S., 1993. An Anthology of Somali Poetry. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Andrzejewski, B.W., Galaal, M.H.I., 1963. Somali poetic combat, I±III. Journal of African Languages 2(Part I±III). Arnold, D., 1988. Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies. Manchester University Press, Manchester.
Bridges, R. (Ed.), 1986. The visit of Frederick Forbes to the Somali coast. International Journal of African Studies19(4).
British Parliamentary Papers, 1918. Report on Somaliland from 1916±1917, 1917±1918 Cd.8434-31, vol. xxii. British Parliamentary Papers, 1919. Report on Somaliland Protectorate, 1917±1918, 1919 Cdm.1-25, vol. xxxv.
Bruce-Chwatt, L.J., 1987. Malaria and its control: present and future prospects. Annual Review of Public Health 8, 75±110.
Burton, R., 1854. First Footsteps in East Africa. Dover Publications, New York.
Burton, R., 1872. Zanzibar: City, Island, and Coast. Johnson Reprint Co., New York.
Byatt, 1911a. PRO, C.O.106/22, Byatt to Secretary of State for the Colonies, 23 August 1911.
Byatt, 1911b. PRO, W.O.106/22, Byatt to Secretary of State for the Colonies, 5 October 1911.
Chambers, F.J., 1936a. PRO, C.O.535/120/13, F.J. Chambers, for District Commissioner, Burao, to Secretary to the Government, 24 March 1936.
Chambers, F.J., 1936b. PRO, C.O.535/120/13, F.J. Chambers, to District Commissioner, Burao, on tour, 3 January 1936. Ciise, S.J.C., 1974. Diiwaanka Gabayada. Wakalada Madbacada Qaranka, Mogadisho.
Clark, E.M., 1935. PRO, C.O.535/120/13, Extract from Dr. Clark’s Report on the Health of the Somalis Found in the Nogal Valley and Haud During the Last Quarter of 1935, 29/12/1935.
Clark, E.M., 1936. PRO, C.O./535/120/13, Copy of Dr. E.M. Clark’s Report on his visit to the Malaria Areas of the Haud, Nogal and Ain, 27/2/1936.
Clark, E.M., 1937. Report on relapsing fever in Burao. Tropical Diseases Bulletin 34 (9), 1937.
Colonial Office Report, 1931. Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Somaliland, 1930. HMSO, London.
Colonial Office Report, 1932. Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Somaliland, 1931. HMSO, London.
Colonial Office Report, 1933. Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Somaliland, 1932. HMSO, London.
Colonial Office Report, 1934. Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Somaliland, 1933. HMSO, London.
Colonial Office Report, 1935. Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Somaliland, 1934. HMSO, London.
Colonial Office Report, 1936. Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Somaliland, 1935. HMSO, London.
Colonial Office Report, 1937. Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Somaliland, 1936. HMSO, London.
Colonial Office Report, 1938. Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Somaliland, 1937. HMSO, London.
Cordell, D.C., Gregory, J.W., 1987. African Population and Capitalism. Westview Press, Boulder.
Crosby, A.W., 1976a. Virgin social epidemics as a factor in the Aboriginal depopulation in America. The William and Mary Quarterly 33 (3rd Series), 289±299.
Crosby, A.W., 1976b. Epidemics and Peace. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT.
Crosby, A.W., 1983. Ecological Imperialism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Crosby, A.W., 1993a. Influenza. In: Kiple, K.P. (Ed.), Cambridge History of Human Disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Crosby, A.W., 1993b. Smallpox. In: Kiple, Kenneth P. (Ed.), Cambridge History of Human Disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Cruttendon, C.J., 1849. Memoir on the Western or Edoor Tribes, inhabiting the Somali Coast of N.E. Africa, with the southern branches of the family of Darood, resident on the banks of the Webbe Shebele, commonly called River Webbe. The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 19, 49±76.
Curle, A.T., 1937. The ruined towns of Somaliland. Anitquity 11 (43), 315±327.
Davies, J.N.P., 1979. Pestilence and Disease the History of Africa. Johannesburg.
Dawson, M.H., 1979. Smallpox in Kenya, 1880±1920. Social Science and Medicine 13b, 245±250.
Dols, M.W., 1977. The Black Death in the Middle East. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Donaldson, A.W.H., 1936. PRO, C.O.535/120/13. Dr. A.W.H. Donaldson, Senior Medical Officer, to Secretary to the Government, 6 April 1936.
Drake-Brockman, 1905. PRO, W.O.106/18, Dr. DrakeBrockman to the Commissioner, 14 November 1905.
Drake-Brockman, 1914. On the occurrence of an epidemic of relapsing fever in Bulhar, British Somaliland. Tropical Diseases Bulletin 3 (1), 0.
Dunn, F.L., 1993. Malaria. In: Kiple, K.P. (Ed.), The Cambridge World History of Human Disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Edge, P.G., 1938. Somaliland Protectorate, 1935. Tropical Disease Bulletin 35 (7).
Foucault, M., 1978. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Vintage Books, New York.
Ford, J., 1971. The Role of Trypanosomiasis in Africa. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Foreign Office Report, 1899. PRO, F.O.78/5030, Local Auditor, Somali Coast Protectorate.
Frierman, S., 1979. Change in African therapeutic systems. Social Science and Medicine 13b, 277±284.
Fyfe, C., McMaster, D. (Eds.), 1977. African Historical Demography. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.
General Staff, 1925. PRO, W.O106/5975, The War Office. Military Report on British Somaliland, 1925. HMSO, London.
Good, C.M., 1978. Disease, milieu and the diseases factor. In: Hartwig, G., Patterson, D.K. (Eds.), Disease in African History. Duke University Press, Durham.
Greco, R., Antoniotto, A., 1988. Medical and anthropological observations on traditional therapy of hydrocephalus in Somalia. In: Puglielli, A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Somali Studies. Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore, Rome.
Hardy, A., 1993. Relapsing fever. In: Kiple, K.P. (Ed.), Cambridge History of Human Disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hartesveldt van, F.R., 1992. The 1918±1919 Pandemic Influenza: The Urban Impact in the Western World. The Edwin Mellen Press, Queenstown, Ontario.
Hartwig, G.W., Patterson, D.K. (Eds.), 1978. Disease in African History: An Introductory Survey and Case Studies. Duke University Press, Durham.
Headrick, D.R., 1981. The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press, New York.
Janzen, J.M., 1978. The Quest for Therapy in Lower Zaire. The University of California Press, Berkeley.
Janzen, J.M., Frierman, S. (Eds.), 1979. The Social History of Disease and Medicine in Africa. Social Science and Medicine, vol. 13b, December.
Jardine, D., 1923. The Mad Mullah of Somaliland. Herbert Jenkins, London.
Kakwanzire, P., 1986. Resistance, revenu and development in Northern Somalia. International Journal of African Historical Studies 19 (4), 659±677.
Kittermaster, 1936. PRO, C.O.535/120/13, Governor to Colonial Office, 24 February 1936. Kuczynski, R.R., 1949. Demographic Survey of the British Colonial Empire, vol. 2. Oxford University Press, London.
Lee, 1936. PRO, C.O.535/120/13, Mr. Lee, Colonial Office, to Dr. O’Brien and Mr. Calder, 6/5/1936.
Lewis, I.M., 1988. A Modern History of Somalia. Westview Press, Boulder.
Lovett, W.C., 1956. Eradication of tick-borne relapsing fever in the Somaliland Protectorate by a tick-borne destruction programme. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 50 (2), 157±165.
Lyons, M., 1992. The Colonial Disease: A Social History of Sleeping Sickness in Northern Zaire, 1900±1940. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Macleod, R., Milton, L. (Eds.), 1988. Disease, Medicine, and Empire. Routeldge, London.
Manning, W., 1913. PRO, W.O.106/22, Acting Commissioner to Secretary of State for Colonies, 27 June 1913.
McKeowen, T., 1979. The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage or Nemesis. Oxford.
Miles, S.B., 1872. On the neighborhood of Bunder Marayah. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 42.
Miller, J.C., 1984. Review article: demographic history revisited. Journal of African History 25, 93±96.
Ordman, D., 1957. Relapsing fever in Africa. Central African Journal of Medicine 3 (9).
Packard, R.A., 1984. Maize, cattle, and mosquitoes: the political economy of malaria epidemics in Colonial Swaziland. Journal of African History 125, 180±212.
Patterson, K.D., 1979. Health in urban Ghana: the Accra Case, 1900±1940. Social Science and Medicine 13b, 251±268.
Patterson, K.D., 1983. The Influenza pandemic of 1918±1919 in the Gold Coast. The Journal of African History 24, 485± 502.
Patterson, K.D., Pyle, G.F., 1983. The diffusion of Influenza in Sub-Saharan Africa during the 1918±1919 pandemic. Social Science and Medicine 17 (17), 1299±1307.
Perham, M., 1922. Major Dane’s Garden. African Publishers, New York.
Prins, G., 1989. Review Article: But What Was the Disease? The Present State of Health and Healing in African Studies. Past and Present, No. 124, August.
Prothero, R.M., 1965. Migrants and Malaria. Longmans, Green and Co., London.
Ranger, T., Slack, P. (Eds.), 1992. Epidemics and Ideas. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Rayne, M.H., 1921. Sun, Sand and Somalis: Leaves from the Notebooks of a District Commissioner in British Somaliland. H.F.&G. Witherby, London.
Relief Report, 1929. PRO, C.O.830/1/15504, Report of Measures Adopted for the Relief of the Destitute and of the Relief Camp Established at Bulhar.
Samatar, A., 1989. The State and Rural Transformation in Northern Somalia, 1884±1986. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Samatar, S., 1982. Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sanitary Report, 1936. PRO, C.O.830/3, Somaliland Protectorate Annual Medical and Sanitary Report, 1936.
Sheikh-Abdi, A., 1993. Divine Madness: Mohammed Abdulle Hassan (1856±1920). Zed Press, London.
Smith, C., Bradley, C., 1931. Oxford University, Rhodes House Library, Mss.Afr.S.1365, file 6.
Speck, R.S., 1993. Cholera. In: Pyle, K.P. (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Human Disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Stace, 1892. PRO, F.O.403/177, Stace to Baring, 12 April 1892.
Summer, G., 1924. Oxford University, Rhodes House Library, Mss.Afr.S.905, Memorandum on Political Affairs in the Somaliland Protectorate.
Syphilis Report, 1930. PRO, C.O.830/2, Syphilis in British Somaliland, 1930. Appendix xi.
Thesiger, W.G., 1910. PRO, C.O.879/103, Wilfred G. Theisger, British Legation at Addis Ababa to Sir Edward Gray, 28 April 1910.
Turshen, M., 1987. Population growth and the deterioration of health, mainland Tanzania, 1920±1960. In: D.D. Cordell, J.W. Gregory (Eds.), African Population and Capitalism. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 187±200.
Vansina, J., 1985. Oral Tradition. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Vaughan, M., 1991. Curing their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness. Stanford: Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Visser, W.M., 1965. Malaria eradication among the nomads of Somalia. WHO Chronicle 19 (6), 232±239.
Zeleza, T., 1993. A Modern Economic History of Africa, vol. 1. CODESRIA, Dakar.
