Somaliland President Muse Bihi Abdi spent the past week in Washington making the case that the U.S. should become the first country to recognize his self-declared state’s independence — and he’s leaving with some positive signals to show for it.
Why it matters: Somaliland has governed itself for three decades but is recognized internationally as part of Somalia. Unlike the remainder of Somalia and most of its neighbors on the Horn of Africa, though, it’s democratic and relatively secure.
- “We know that for the sake of international diplomacy, they will not recognize Somaliland tomorrow,” Bihi told Axios in an interview. “So the question is, below that, how to deepen engagement between the governments.”
- In meetings with Biden administration officials, Bihi proposed that the U.S. open a diplomatic office in the capital, Hargeisa. Six other countries including the U.K. have such offices. The conversations were “very positive” but ended without concrete commitments, Bihi said.
- Bihi noted in our interview that his country would be a willing security partner for the U.S. and had recently signed a cooperation agreement with Taiwan (that made Chinese officials “a little bit angry with us,” he told me).
Somaliland’s democratic bona fides and location in an area where the U.S. is competing with China for influence did not go unnoticed on Capitol Hill.
- Rep. Michael McCaul (R-Texas), a ranking member on the House Foreign Affairs Committee, which hosted Bihi, told Axios it was “urgent” that the U.S. increase its engagement with Somaliland, starting with a diplomatic presence in Hargeisa and direct development aid to the government.
- Such steps would counter Russian and Chinese influence, “reinforce support for Taiwan, and embolden democracy advocates worldwide,” McCaul said.
- Another House Republican, Scott Perry (R-Pa.), went further by introducing a bill to recognize Somaliland’s independence, though it’s unlikely to pass anytime soon.
Somaliland’s independence push is opposed by the African Union, with members fearing that it could further destabilize Somalia and embolden separatists elsewhere.
- While the circumstances of South Sudan’s independence in 2011 were far different, the country’s trajectory since then is another source of pessimism.
- Bihi argues that every country on the map had to gain independence at some point, and Somaliland is no different.
- He says he’s working to strengthen relations with every country except one: the current government in Mogadishu. “We see it as the No. 1 enemy of Somaliland,” he said, and “have absolutely no relations with them.”
- Bihi said nine rounds of peace talks with previous Somali governments went nowhere and there is no point in the future dialogue, though “we have no war with them.”
“We survived the last 33 years with our own efforts,” Bihi told me. International recognition would unlock foreign aid and access to international lenders like the World Bank.
- Somaliland has deposits of petroleum and minerals, including gold, but lacks the expertise or capital to develop them and wants to partner with U.S. companies, he said. He also said a new port built by the UAE could make Somaliland a more attractive partner.
- Bihi argued that Somaliland’s severe poverty and lack of progress on recognition threaten to undermine its democracy. It’s hard to convince someone who has voted in three elections but never had a job that democracy is the right path, he said.
Flashback: Somaliland was briefly independent after British colonial rule ended in 1960, joined almost immediately into a union with Italian-administered Somaliland to form Somalia, then unilaterally declared independence three decades later.
- Bihi notes proudly that in 33 years of self-government, the country has had eight national elections and a series of peaceful transfers of power.
- Those elections are imperfect and often delayed, notes Freedom House, but the pro-democracy group ranks Somaliland far above its neighbors (particularly Somalia) in terms of political rights and civil liberties.
The bottom line: “Every country we meet for the past 30 years, they have the same answer for us,” Bihi said, recounting praise for Somaliland’s stability and improvements in its institutions, but reluctance to be the first country to recognize its independence.
- “Someday, we will find the first country,” he said.
Dave Lawler
Dave is the world editor at Axios. He is the author of the twice-weekly Axios World newsletter and covers the most important stories shaping the globe.
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